Writing a Narrative Essay For College

Writing a Narrative Essay For CollegeWhen first reading an example of a narrative essay for college, I sometimes struggled with the whole concept. The fact that the writer is trying to tell a story and in so doing, making use of every tool at their disposal. They often offer a vivid description or take you inside the mind of the protagonist.For me, writing a story, or an essay in a different language are too different from the rest of my English course. I often feel as if I am applying for some kind of certification for writing, which can only be given by a teacher who has taken a lot of classes and learned a lot of things.Often, this can leave you feeling lost when it comes to writing a college essay in English, because you don't know how to approach the professor and your English class with different ideas. Perhaps this will help you a little bit.First, you need to write a short poem, whether you plan to submit it or not. It can be a short piece that you find in a magazine or copy somewhere, or it can be a poem that you have crafted yourself. Just be sure to set aside time for it. You may want to write the poem in a quiet place or even read it aloud over a candle.In your college essay, you should use the work of others to support your points. Your students will more than likely expect this, and you may find yourself being criticized for plagiarism. That can go both ways, and that is why it is so important to make sure you research first.You should also practice your 'independent thinking skills'. If you have never heard of the term, it is a way of expressing how you may analyze situations independently of others. Itis just a way of using your creativity to think about things without all the help of other people.Hopefully, this example of a narrative essay for college will help you put things into perspective. Whether you are writing your own short story or taking on a college essay, the idea is to enjoy yourself and let your imagination come to life. Keep it fun and try not to try too hard.

Personality Disorder Essay Sample

Personality Disorder Essay SampleA personality disorder essay sample is a great way to know what other people think of you and your personality disorder before writing your essay. Although the traits are similar, each disorder has its own characteristics that people should look out for when they read your essay. We have listed some characteristics and reactions to personality disorders that you may want to consider.A big part of personality disorder is how you act around other people. People who have personality disorders such as Bipolar disorder and Major Depressive Disorder have problems with social interaction and can become aggressive towards others. The more positive the behavior, the more socially awkward the person with the disorder becomes. If you have any feelings of aggression towards others, try and write down your thoughts and feelings on how you behave around other people.Personality disorder can be classified in many ways. One category is whether the disorder was caused by environmental factors or genetic factors. For example, although environmental factors like trauma in a past life, have been shown to be linked to the onset of mood disorders, it can also be genetic. People who are highly susceptible to being depressed due to a pre-existing genetic vulnerability. If you feel depressed or cannot get over feelings of sadness or anger because of this factor, consider including a section of your personality disorder essay sample on how the disorder developed.Characteristics of a personality disorder are common among all types of personality disorders and can be grouped into 5 clusters. These can be grouped into the 5 personality type categories or, depending on the disorder. A good essay must not only describe the disorder, but also to describe what it is like to live with it, and what effects the disorder has had on your life.Bipolar disorder can have many symptoms. One of these is mood swings from extreme happiness to extreme sadness. When this hap pens, the person suffering from bipolar disorder may become extremely energetic and moody. In fact, some people are able to control their bipolar disorders by making lifestyle changes such as dieting and exercise. By making changes to the person's environment, they can help them manage their disorder better.While depression, where a person suffers from a personality disorder, can cause other problems, it is something most people deal with every day. Usually they are able to keep their moods in check with medication and relaxation exercises. Some people even go as far as seeking professional help for controlling their depression. However, this will take some effort on their part. A personality disorder essay sample can help by telling what happens when a person does not take their medication.Personality disorder essay samples are useful to people who suffer from a personality disorder, but can also be very helpful to those who are able to read about it for the first time. For example , if a family member of a person with the disorder experiences a sudden change in personality or behavior, they can read an essay about the disorder and how it affected them.

Simpson S Criminal Case

Table of Contents Evidence Public Exposure The trial The verdict References A retired American football player, football broadcaster, spokesman, and actor, O. J. Simpson was born on the 9th of July 1947. Simpson was held and criminally charged for the murders of Nicole Brown and Ronald Goldman. It was a lengthy legal tussle that was held in the Californian superior court.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Simpson ‘S Criminal Case specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Felman (2002) says that the Los Angeles case had such publicity to earn the description as the case of Simpson against the people. The lengthy trial however saw Simpson acquitted. It lasted for a whole nine months and was deemed the longest trial ever witnessed in the history books of California’s courts. In his defense, O. J. Simpson had hired such a team experienced in court cases with such esteemed profile. This esteemed high profile tea m was led by Robert Shapiro, a capable and learned person in matters of the law. Robert Shapiro had participated in diverse cases to earn him the distinction of a high profile figure. Later on, the high profile team was led by F. Lee Bailey and Jonnie Cochran. A display of wit and excellent mental ability characterized F. Jonnie Cochran when he exercised his ability to convince jurors that the DNA evidence adduced in court was as a matter of fact not solid evidence against Simpson. Aeseng (196) notes that Cochran convinced the jury that the evidence was diversely defective. This was coupled with the newness of this kind of scientific innovation and discovery in the law courts as a reliable tool to adduce evidence. In addition F. Jonnie Cochran’s arguments weighted to his advantage the blood evidence that it had been contaminated and had no reason to be sustained as solid evidence against Simpson in the murder trial. This and other evidence adduced in court were overwhelmingly refuted under the able leadership of Cochran to the defense of Simpson. The defense team argued that the Los Angeles Police Department at diverse times and in diverse circumstances associated with the investigations and handling of evidence clearly involved in such misconduct as to warrant their evidence invalid according to (Felman, 2002). Ito (1995) chronologically documents that Simpson married Nicole Brown on February 2, 1985 with whom they had two children, but later divorced in 1992. It was not until 2nd June 1994 that Simpson’s former wife, Nicole Brown and her friend Ronald Goldman were found dead and Simpson acquitted of any criminal charges in a controversial court case thereafter. However, Jury findings pointed to Simpson as liable for the death of Ronald Goldman. Jury verdicts from previous trials like the one that culminated on 3rd June 1995 known as â€Å"the trial of the century† and subsequent ones acquitted OJ Simpson of both murders. Shosana (2002) p oints out that these verdicts drew conflicts and confrontations coupled with divergent feelings along racial lines.Advertising Looking for essay on african american? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It was not until 1995 that OJ Simpson was pronounced not guilty of the deaths of Nicole Brown and Ronald Goldman after a series of cases such as the civil trial for wrongful death on February 5th 1995, with related litigation on September 5th 2006, and his alleged confessions in his book â€Å"If I Did It† 2007. According to Ito (1995), a series of events led to the arrest of O. J. Simpson. This was when the Los Angeles Police Department had been convinced that Simpson could turn himself up to the police. Interestingly, these charges had no bail. In addition to the charges could placing Simpson in the possible risk of murder, Simpson’s arrest was marked with media coverage that suggested suicide. The police were in a d ilemma. They had to get him by all means. His freedom was a case where lawyers had convinced them to wait for him. It was a scenario involving the media, the police, and spectators in their hundreds if not thousands. A chase for O. J. Simpson ensued involving an estimated twenty helicopters and other vehicles. The chase was never characterized by any incident of exchanges of gun fire, though the weapons were held by either party. It came to an end at around eight P.M when a few minutes later Simpson surrendered to the police. Evidence According to Linder (2010), incriminating evidence on the involvement of OJ Simpson on the murders testify to the act. A witness had seen him walk with his dog and incriminating evidence of gloves found at the scene and outside his home was evidence of his involvement. A series of events testified and provided evidence incriminating OJ Simpson of the murders. On the said date, Simpson’s attempt to call Paula from his cell phone as Charles did, d id not see OJ Simpson on the fateful were not successful. According to Linder (2010), OJ Simpson combined home violence with overwhelming brutality against Nicole Brown, evidence of his brutality towards her. In addition to witness accounts of people seeing a man of the description of OJ Simpson in the scene of murder on the fateful day, his personal effects such as his white cap, his call history testified against him. In addition, Simpson lied to Paula on his attempt to call her from his Bronco, and Allan Park’s schedule to take Simpson to the airport on the fateful day failed (Linder 2010). Linder continues to document the facts that Allan’s endeavor to buzz Simpson’s intercom received no response. On further investigations, Linder (2010) argues that hair was found consistent with Simpson’s hair at the murder scene and on Ron Goldman’s shirt. Other evidence that point to him as the culprit included fiber consistent with that of the carpet in the Bronco were found on cap at Bundy’s residence, blood evidence dropped near shoe prints at Bundy’s when statistically analyzed showed that about 0.5% of the population could match that of OJ Simpson’s.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Simpson ‘S Criminal Case specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It was determine later that Simpson had fresh wound cuts the day after the murders were committed a clear pointer to an involvement in an act of injury, therefore pointing to the murder. Linder (2010) provides a detailed account of gloves that were found at the scene of murder matching his, and the damning evidence of shoes and strange phone calls form Simpson to Paula and Nicole, with notable nervousness of OJ Simpson when confronted with questions about the death victims. Linder (2010) indicates that Glove evidence: Left glove found at Bundy and right glove found Simpson residence are Aris Light gloves, size XL, Nicole Brown bought pair of Aris Light XL gloves in 1990 at Bloomingdale’s, Simpson wore Aris Light gloves from 1990 to June, 1994. Shoe evidence: Shoe prints found at Bundy were from a size 12 Bruno Magli shoe, Bloody shoe impression on Bronco carpet is consistent with a Magli shoe, Simpson wore a size 12 shoe. Further evidence alluding to OJ Simpson as the perpetrator of the crime was when he refused to testify in his court case. Linder (2010) says that â€Å"Simpson did not testify at his criminal trial. Defense attorneys will almost always call as a witness an articulate client that they believe to be innocent†. Other trials indicated that Simpson had no significant effort in tracking down the killers as Shosana (2002) illustrates. In addition, â€Å"Subsequent to the criminal trial other evidence of Simpson’s guilt surfaced.   The most significant of the new evidence may have been photographs of Simpson wearing Bruno Magli shoes.   The new evidence, together with much of the evidence considered in the criminal trial, convinced a civil jury that Simpson murdered Nicole Brown and Ronald Goldman† Linder (2010). In addition, Simpson confessed in his book â€Å"If I Did It† written in 2007. Adduced DNA evidence seemed to solidly testify against Simpson. Relatively new in determining who and what in tests, blood found at the scene had DNA that doubtlessly pointed to Simpson as the prime suspect. Aeseng (1996) describes the blood samples as confirmed to be his after DNA tests were conducted to identify whose sample the blood could be. Samples are tested and a march conducted to determine the degree of reliability on the tests. They marched well and left little doubt as to whom the blood found at the murder scene belonged. Ito (1995) sees the blood samples found at different points evidently similar that of Simpson. These blood samples were found in near Simpson’s Bronco, on a pair of sock belongin g to Simpson that found on Goldman’s shirt also strongly pointed to Simpson as the culprit, blood collected by LAPD criminologist after several weeks pointed to him, and fingerprints that were blood stained also indicated that Simpson was involved. However the blood evidence was not without pitfalls. Aeseng (1996) comments that, among the shortcomings included unexplained circumstances in which a blood sample had gone missing from LA County District Attorney’s office. The collection procedures for some blood samples from the scene of the crime seemed flawed and strongly suggested contamination. Other evidence presented in court was refuted as not reliable. The arguments were that certain shoes presented did not match Simpson’s and that he had never won such shoes. They were not his.Advertising Looking for essay on african american? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Public Exposure Though the case attracted widespread media and public attention, controversy raged on as to whether to afford the case over he use of media cameras a conflict that attracted legal tussles on the professionalism of such a ruing by Judge Ito. Ito (1995) sees this as an issue that could influence the conduct and verdict of the case. Scandals also rocked the media particularly that of the Times. Felmam (2002) describes it as being labeled an American tragedy; such stories indicated sinister feelings and motives among the authors and publisher of the Simpson story and trial in the media. However manipulations of Simpson’s picture in the TIME magazine, on of the publishers of the Simpson trials that had a racial element in it received public criticism though apologies were also publicly sought for. The trial During the trial O. J. Simpson pleaded not guilty of the murders of Nicole Brown and Ronald Goldman on the fateful day. However, other factors apart from the ad duced evidences served to influence the verdict of the case. These included wide media coverage and public interest. These culminated in the dismissal of the grand jury on the 23rd of June. Inclusive in those who testified against Simpson were Jill Shively and Jose Camacho whose occupation was selling shoes. According to Felman (2002), others in the case were the Californian’s Superior Court Judge who Kathleen Kennedy Powell who certified that Simpson’s incriminating evidence was sufficient for his trial, LAPD detective Tom Lange. Marcia Clark Deputy District Attorney served in the capacity of the court prosecutor. Several witnesses were interviewed as Simpson had requested for a speedy trial. This was evident in the way the jury handled and interviewed witnesses in the case. Those viewing the trial witnessed scenes of protest, with various interruptions evident in the proceedings until the verdict was entered upon. The verdict On October 13, 1995, Simpson was declared not guilty by the jury. This was a deliberation that lasted for only four hours. Though the verdict attracted mixed feelings form diverse quarters, the case had attracted huge media and public attention and had caused such feelings to be rooted in both racial divides. It was a dramatic case (Felman, 2002). References Aeseng, N. (1996). The O. J. Simpson Trial: What It Shows Us about Our Legal System; Walker Publishing Company, Incorporated References. Felman, S. (2002). The Juridical Unconscious: Trials and Traumas in the Twentieth Century. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-00931-2 Ito, J. L. (1995). Chronology of the O. J. Simpson Trials. Web. Linder, D. O. (2010). The Trial of O. J. Simpson: The Incriminating Evidence. Web. Shosana, F. (2002). The Juridical Unconscious: Trials and Traumas in the Twentieth Century. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-00931-2 This essay on Simpson ‘S Criminal Case was written and submitted by user Elaine Koch to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Essay Sample on Little Children in Poetry

Essay Sample on Little Children in Poetry Little children are little cherubs from heaven who lost their way and found themselves trapped in this world of ours. No wonder they are so pure and innocent, so faithful and loving, so forgiving and so divine- they still have something heavenly in them! It’s such a pity that they lose this angelic touch in them as they grow more and more a part of this world. For me, it seems that as they are drawn away from heaven, these little children lose their luster of innocence. Children are such a source of joy as they bring so much lightness of heart and tenderness of emotions that they lilt like the lines of poetry. Yes, they are cute little verses running on little feet! Wasn’t it Alfred Lord Tennyson, poet laureate of the Victorian Age who in his â€Å"Children’s Hour† paid tribute to the â€Å"patter of little feet†? Or William Wordsworth who wrote and said that â€Å"the child is father to the man†? Definitely, it was Jesus who said â€Å"Let the children come unto me, for such as these is the kingdom of heaven!† Yes children are a joy forever; they are indeed things of heavenly beauty. Watch a tiny tot as he toddles across the room until he reaches the safety of a chair which he grasps with his chubby little hands; and see how he breaks into that victorious, yet gleeful toothless grin that can melt the hardest of hearts. Not even Alexander the Great could manage such a triumphant smile as he marched across As ia to India! Feel his little hands wrap themselves around your neck as he tiptoes to plant the wettest kiss on your cheeks. Such blessing from heaven you have never felt! Hear his tiny throat gurgle with laughter as he exhales all the mirth that heaven can afford to shower on you. Look at him in his crib at night as he sleeps after a whole day of impish delight. No greater peace can any man ever see such as  this! What happens, what really happens why all these beautiful things simply vanish from sight as the child grows up to his adulthood? Probably, it is deeply erroneous to teach a child to become more serious, more sober, more composed, more restrained as he continues to mature and grow to be a confused teenager until he becomes a dismal adult. Adults are in reality a total bundle of restrained thoughts and emotions, a walking, stifling mass of confused emotions and mental rigidity. What a noble piece of work man could become; but unfortunately he usually grows to be just that – a piece of work, and nothing else. We are admonished not to be childish; we are cajoled to be serious adults. We are taught to be serious about work; we are never told to enjoy work. We are often pushed to reach for the stars; but we are not asked if we would be happy just reaching for the moon. We are expected to succeed; but we are seldom taught to also expect to fail.That is what is wrong with the world today. We all have left our childhood forever and we never bothered to look back. It’s as if childhood is something to be avoided and to be forgotten. No wonder most of us still feel that lonesome longing for the happy days of our childhood; and as we do, we have moist eyes and tearful gazes. Why can’t we keep our childhood in our pockets and bring it out once in a while, especially when days become so tiring and so devastating? Why can’t we keep that child alive in us, deep in our minds and deep in our hearts? Why do we have to snuff out the life of that child in us and later suffer the utmost remorse that we did not keep him gleefully gurgling within us? If the child is father of the man, then let that child continue living in us; so that as our hearts leaped when we saw a rainbow in the sky so many, many years ago; so it would leap now at the same rainbow in the same sky. No, I am not at all advocating that we all remain irresponsibly childish. No, never. However, I believe that we should at many times in our dreary adult life become childlike so that we can see our life, even within the space of a few moments, as a precious toy that we can delight in tinkering with and we can enjoy pulling around as we go. This way, we can look at our world as our little playpen where all our toys are stuffed in, together with our milk bottle and our huggable and comforting pillows; instead of feeling that life is a prison of the most pernicious kind. Come, all of you and join me. Let us be childlike in our thoughts and in our feelings for it’s the only way we can become big little men- working like men but finding delight like a child; grinning like a man, but gurgling deep inside like a child; misty eyed like a man, but crying within like a child; wistful like a man, but hopeful like a child; caring like a man, but loving like a child. Come, it’s the only way we can have a little glimpse of heaven in this seemingly desolate life on earth.

Motivation in the Work Place Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Motivation in the Work Place - Essay Example Components of this model, from lowest to the highest are in the order, physical needs, safety and security needs, social needs of love and belonging, esteem needs of respect and confidence, and finally self-actualization needs of knowledge and understanding. Baumeister (p.88) asserts that esteem needs are required to enhance a person’s overall personality by providing a sense of achievement and shielding negative emotions. Self-esteem is associated with confidence and high expectations of success; high self-esteem is associated with optimism and lower anxiety. It also provides a sense of integrity and adequacy. Maslow’s theory points towards need for respect from others and from self. Respect from others confers recognition, acceptance and appreciation. Realizing that human being is a social animal, the Sociometer theory proposes that man continually tries to seek inclusion into social groups. Psychologically, it reduces anxiety and improves health (Baumeister, 89). Employees’ self-esteem is enhanced by gaining recognition in the form of awards and appreciations, and a need to enhance self-esteem, in order for the employees to feel included in the virtual social ‘wanted’ circles, is an effective motivat or (Marriner-Tomey, 92). Self-actualization needs refer to self-fulfilment in terms of all the activities a person can do or is capable of doing. This is driven by individual’s desires, interests and passion towards specific activity or job. Self-actualization needs occupy the topmost position in Maslow’s hierarchy. While the other motives are sought in order to fill deficiencies in one’s life or work, the self-actualization needs are sought in order to pursue growth and development (Gordon, 244). However, without realization of the other needs, self-actualization needs may not be very motivating to the employees. Achieving self-actualization in the work sphere is highly motivating for the employees because

Real life research Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Real life research - Coursework Example When a company conducts qualitative research through a focus group, the company is attempting to do research by having the moderator in focus group record everything that is the side in the focus group. The chosen forms of research were the appropriate forms of research for this study. Today focus groups can be conducted on the Internet. If the researchers had done a quantitative study, the researchers would have found out how the customer’s feel about the brand image. A quantitative research study will give researchers a general idea of what a customer thinks about a brand, or a company into. They can’t see the research study on what, how, where, and when. So, into a native research study the researchers could’ve found out what the customer’s like most about the brand, where the customers shop most for the brand and when they shop for it. One can measure the success of the campaign in the sales figures. If the campaign brought in more revenue than prior to the campaign and the campaign is, then determined a success. If the campaign only brought the same amount of revenue as before the campaign would not be so much of a success. However, if the company takes what was and changes the brand, and images the company will undoubtedly become a success

The obstacles and opportunities faced by either South Africa Essay Example for Free

The obstacles and opportunities faced by either South Africa Essay What are the obstacles and opportunities faced by either South Africa or Mozambique in their attempts to improve economic and political development? Introduction In this essay I will attempt to look at the obstacles and opportunities faced by Mozambique in their attempts to improve economic and political development. I will look at the reasons why Portugal found it hard to decolonise her possessions because she could not neocolonise them. I will look at how Mozambiques problems were exacerbated by civil aid programmes and the conflicts between itself and other African countries. Mozambique: advantages and disadvantages Mozambique is situated at the South Eastern side of Africa. It is the nearest port for Malawi, Zimbabwe and the northern part of South Africa. It has some crucial resources geographically which give it an advantage over other African states. It is also strategically important as it provides easy access to other countries. It is roughly three times the size of England. One of the biggest disadvantages that Mozambique has is that there is no navy or air force to protect its coastal waters that are open to exploitation and capitalisation as there is no marketing control. The only way that this exploitation and capitalisation can be controlled is by the development of a better infrastructure of rail and roads. This is highly unlikely to be achieved due to the lack of cooperation between the regions. There are no coastal protection vessels and also no ways of collecting excise duties. These would be necessary to allow the maximisation of export quantity and therefore allow the country to capitalise, which would give it macro economic stability. Economics and conflict Historically Mozambiques trade was heavily influenced by Islamic and Arab traders. The main exports were gold and slaves. Until the 1930s most of its business was controlled by large Portuguese organisations, this only changed after the coup in 1926, which brought an end to these companies. Before this coup the pan Lusitanian community were based on Lisbon and its governmental control and policies. The regime led to fascist policies and principles. Plantations were developed but were only maintainable through forced labour. This forced labour meant that demand increased and there need to be an increase in the forced labour, creating a perpetual circle and demand for more workers. In the Post War boom commodity prices increased dramatically and led to a further demand from the whites for better services etc. There was an increase in tensions from neo traditionalists, which was exacerbated in the cold war of the 1960s, with military intervention. There were no compromises from Portuguese as Portugal could not decolonise as it could not neocolonise. Alongside the military intervention was an increasing demand for independence. In June 1962 3 exiled groups, Manu, Idenamo and Unami under the allegiance of Julius Nyerere form a front for the liberation of Mozambique called the Frelimo. This was a unified coalition of indigenous opposition to Portuguese rule. In 1964 they crossed the river and started an armed conflict against Portugal and its rule. South African support is given through Rhenamo, and the Rhodesians also react against the conflict. The result of the conflict meant that Portugal was overthrown when they retreat in 1974. Frelimo holds traditional government until 25/6/1975 when independence is declared. It is around this time that the Mozambique support for Rhodesia escalates and the civil war starts. What they want to achieve are military buffer zones were they can use for training grounds in order to train their soldiers. Frelimos Marxist Leninist beliefs that everything should be controlled through a central government is one of the main issues. By the 1990s Mozambique is almost bankrupt and there follows in 1992 democratic elections. Tensions still exist between people on the inner circles of individual parties; the old guard are refuting the intervention of the International Monetary Fund as it would give them no option but to embrace European international practices. Poor education and a lack of a civil service only compound the problem. There is a wholesale exodus of the Portuguese nationals. There is surprisingly a relatively civil relationship between Frelimo and Renamo which leads to an acknowledgement of fairness in the voting process, not skewing the vote in favour of one or another. This was the political starting point to the acquisition, marketisation and capitalisation of untold riches for the Mozambique people. MOZAMBIQUE TODAY Following the conflicts that I have discussed above, the state of Mozambiques economy is still very poor. Its position in the global economy is 168th out of 174. Its annual growth rate is averaging out at about 14% but the benefits are very slow in trickling down to the people. There is a need for public sector reform and good governance to improve this. Variations in national markets cannot be controlled by the producers, and revenue collection remains a problem. Much of the revenue collected is in the urban areas but only benefits the elite in the city. Military spending has reduced dramatically, and the first role of governance has to be defence in order to protect a country. The International Monetary Fund instructed Mozambique to sell off its Para -state industries, and it now relies heavily on foreign aid to survive. The debt level is high although most countries have cut it to 25%, with Britain completely wiping out their portion. Underdevelopment has favoured the middle class bourgeoisie, opening up the markets to allow for borrowing and thus creating some financial stability. There has been a reduction in tariffs and inflation has dropped from 71% 9% allowing for the redistribution of wealth. The downside to this is that it creates unemployment, putting more people back into the trap of poverty, and smuggling is rife as people see it as the only way to survive. One may ask does the medicine cure the patient or help to kill it? People have very little escape from poverty in these areas as there is no infrastructure and any journeys must be made on foot. Even a trip to the doctor, something that is taken for granted in western civilised societies could mean a walk of about 45 kilometres, if you didnt die on the way. The very aid that was supposed to help the people to improve their lives often made them worse. As Tordoff tells us these were grandiose, overcapitalised agricultural schemes that carried very few benefits for the peasant farmer, thus still being resultant in the food shortage and hunger. The projects often also caused environmental damage. The debt was only increased by this because of the money being misspent on unsuccessful programs, and the loss of export income. The inability to earn wages led to further poverty and strife in the urban communities. The main priorities in Mozambique are ones of sanitation, clean water, and vaccination. This has been shown to work in other countries like Kenya. There is lots of power over business from multinational organisations such as Mitsubishi and Enron. The question one needs to ask is who is it that benefits? Is it the people of the country or the business men in the city? What is the motivation behind people and countries who offer aid? Is it just another opportunity to exploit and profit from the rich natural resources that the country has to offer? Conclusion Mozambique is still relatively poor as a country in economic terms, although it is rich in others such as copious fishing waters that are underused in the global markets due to poor infrastructure. Mozambique was lead by the Portuguese government who were ill equipped to compete adequately on an international and global level. When globalisation took off in other African states, Mozambique was left behind, and never had an industrial revolution. This meant that although there was plenty of opportunity to further develop the country and equip it with the ability to trade on global levels, other capitalist states and markets were far more advanced, with a good infrastructure that opened them up to the markets. The people of Mozambique were poorly educated, many of them illiterate, and because of this they were exploited by other nations. Many of the countries inhabitants are rough peasants and this exploitation led to a fascist dictatorship. They did not have the opportunities like other countries such as Ghana under the leadership of Nkrumah. Places like this could colonise as the leaders had skewed their colonies and economies and bequeathed more education to its inhabitants. Mozambique was never going to be able to match the massive trading powers of France and Britain, as Portugal had never prepared it to do so. Portugal had exploited it but not developed it. The idea behind neocolonisation was to allow maintenance of economic control but allowing it no input. There were no representatives around the table to help with the management of decolonisation. The only way that Portugal could decolonise Mozambique was through a bloody battle, often in a very vicious manner. The advancing system of France meant also meant that their military were stretched to the limits in trying to protect its country, but stood no chance and were often abandoned, as happened in the civil war. Prior to all this all decisions about the country had gone through the president in Paris, who operated in a Masonic way. Post-modern ideas of independence for Mozambique were hindered by the failure of the Westminster model of government, due to incompatibilities and ill equipped governments. There were often visible aspects of leaders becoming economy holders of the empire of entrepreneurship. Mozambiques problems were confounded and exacerbated by the civil aid programmes that supposedly came to help them. The growth centred approach to poverty only compounded this further. Targeted intervention was of no use as the poverty was so widespread. The average wage was well below the poverty line and there was an even harder exertion for the women to secure rewards that were commensurate with their contributions to the independence struggle. They were often given the opportunity to go to the markets with their produce but were then taxed heavily, and losing out on any sort of profit they may have made, basically a form of legalised extortion. Problems with landmines meant that the land was very dangerous to work on, with a high risk of injury or death. These also helped to slow down economic redevelopment. Many of us will remember the campaigns that were led by Princess Diana showing the terrible injuries that people had suffered through landmines detonating as they worked. There was a plea for international aid to be brought in to clear away the landmines and to give the people a fair chance to improve themselves and their towns. By implementing harsh and complicated economic pressures on its people, this is difficult enough in a wealthy modern state, the picture is even worse when we talk about African countries. The problems with a rapidly collapsing infrastructure, or as in the case of Mozambique, a non existent infrastructure, alongside its entrenched parastatal sector hostile to any change, which may threaten its interests, the problems not only escalate but become utterly formidable. In addition to this, the private sector becomes a strange amalgamation of disparate unrelated components. It consists of large multinationals, medium local sized organisations usually run by Asians, and a huge informal sector that largely comprises of peasant farmers. This means that the private sector is unbalanced and isolated to some extent. Considering all these points it is clear that there should be no rush for the imposition of multi party democracies and an unfettered market economy, even if it was possible to do so for Mozambique. Surely any change should be done gradually, with long term strategies that work alongside and slowly change the present systems. To sum up, arguments for structural adjustment policies of the International Monetary Fund, and lately on an increasing level in the World Bank, only focus on the microeconomic structures, and not the macroeconomic structures of all African countries including Mozambique. One must recognise the role played by recession in the West, due to declining terms of trade for primary products and the oil crisises. Those who believe in structural adjustment believe that the majority of african states share a common state corporatism that is economically corrosive and unproductive. Originally the motivation behind these programmes was to liberalise trade, reduce the role of government and parastate industries in the economy, and to end various subsidies to various sections of the population. It was believed that this would end the balance of payment crises and therefore promote economic growth. By the early 1990s it had been shown that this was not actually the case and that policy based lending had not acheived the intended goals. A new policy was now required to correct this, and the International Monetary Fund now decided that they needed to create a series of rational law based societies throughout sub-Saharan africa. This policy would need to make it clear that investment decisions were to be made on economic grounds, rather than on politically motivated grounds. This plainly put any emphasis of blame, due to previous policy failure, about the economic crisis in Mozambique and esoecially in Mozambique, was laregely a creation of the individual african states themselves. This removed any liability and responsibility on the west, protecting its own interests again. If there is no benefit to themselves there is a reluctance to become involved in the countries problems. The retention of these types of attitudes mean that Mozambiques problems are unlikely to see any significant change in the near future. There will be change but only very slowly as discussed earlier. In my beleif I think the Mozambique people have always been given a rough deal, and cannot see that it will change quickly, as the people who hold the power and capability to enforce change are fearful that they may lose some independance, i.e. the middle class bourguoise. The fear of a lack of control for those in the city, means that the poorer members of society are repressed continually, and because they do not have the capability or knowledge to do something about it, it is unlikely that it will change. I agree that the support given through international aid is necessary, but it should be helping the peasant farmers and the poorer members of society, not just the big boys in the city. This only extenuates the gap between the haves and have nots. Bibliography Tordoff W. Government and politics in Africa.(3rd ed) 1997. Macmillan press. London Clapham.C.Third World politics: an introduction. 1985. Croom Helm. London Chabal. P.Political Domination in Africa.Reflections on the limits of power. 1986. Canbridge University Press. London Cammack P. Capitalism and democracy in the Third .World. 1997. Leicester University Press. Leicester.. McLean. I. Concise dictionary of politics. 1996. Oxford University Press. Oxford. Webliography www.homeoffice.gov.uk www.wto.org www.wtowatch.org www.worldbank.org/research/bulletin www.dfid.gov.uk